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Learn kanji through kanji-graded reading

KLC Graded Reading Sets on Kanji Study app

Welcome to keystojapanese.com, official site of the Kanji Learner’s Course (KLC) series by Andrew Scott Conning. Combining a step-by-step kanji textbook (the Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Course), a series of 30k+ kanji-graded readings (the KLC Graded Reading Sets), and other supplementary tools, the KLC series is a comprehensive system for attaining genuine literacy in Japanese.

The KLC Graded Reading Sets are now available to you as an add-on to the extremely popular Kanji Study app by Chase Colburn. This page explains how to use the KLC Graded Reading Sets on Kanji Study to learn kanji and vocabulary through extensive reading of comprehensible, kanji-graded material.

What is the Kanji Learner’s Course?
What are the KLC Graded Reading Sets?
How are the KLC Graded Reading Sets integrated into Kanji Study?
How can I “learn kanji through reading” on Kanji Study?
How will the KLC Graded Reading Sets add-on help me succeed?
Helpful things to know when using this add-on
What about learning to write kanji?
What about learning to input kanji on a keyboard?
Supplementary tools
Forthcoming: The PlusOne Japanese suite
About the KLC series author

What is the Kanji Learner’s Course?

The Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Course is a printed book providing a step-by-step guide to mastering the meanings and usage of 2,300 kanji. It is perhaps best known for its comprehensive system of mnemonic aids, which help you immediately recognize each kanji and distinguish it from similar ones. It is also popular for its rationalized learning sequence, which introduces kanji components step by step, groups related kanji together, and builds vocabulary progressively – all while teaching kanji in rough order of importance.

What are the KLC Graded Reading Sets?

The Kanji Learner’s Course Graded Reading Sets are a systematically curated series of 30k+ kanji-graded bilingual text segments, distributed as reading practice for all 2,300 kanji in the Kanji Learner’s Course. The exercises for each kanji contain only previously learned kanji, and are designed to give you contextualized practice with each kanji’s principal vocabulary, readings, and usage patterns. The Graded Reading Sets allow you to immediately apply each kanji you learn, and continuously reinforce and deepen your understanding of previously learned kanji by reading them in natural context.

The KLC Graded Reading Sets are most powerful when used in tandem with the main KLC book, but are a valuable resource for users of any kanji learning method. Whether or not you use the main KLC textbook, you can maximize the value of the KLC Graded Reading Sets add-on by choosing the KLC Sequence option in the Kanji Study app (near the bottom of the hamburger menu, tap “Kanji sequence” and then select “Kanji Learner’s Course”).

How are the KLC Graded Reading Sets integrated into the Kanji Study app?

With the KLC Graded Reading Sets add-on installed, its exercises will be available to study in a dedicated study mode accessible from the Kanji Study home screen. Marking exercises as complete allows you to track your progress. Each exercise has its own info screen with vocab and kanji breakdowns. With the add-on, you will also be able to select from the KLC Graded Reading Sets for multiple choice quizzes and writing challenges.

How can I “learn kanji through reading” on Kanji Study?

Start reading from your very first kanji

With the KLC Graded Reading Sets add-on, there is no need to learn 1000+ kanji before starting to read authentic Japanese. Each exercise contains only kanji you have already learned, and is supported by phonetic guides, a high-quality English translation, optional word division, and Kanji Study’s powerful bilingual dictionary for looking up unfamiliar words. Reading the exercises for each kanji after studying it in Kanji Study and the KLC, you will never be stopped in your tracks by an unfamiliar character.

To further aid comprehension, this add-on also introduces over 600 key grammatical structures as they appear. This contextualized grammar support allows you to master a wide range of sentence patterns in the course of your reading

Learn kanji by seeing how they actually work

For generations, most Japanese learners have attempted to learn kanji and vocabulary words as isolated entities, using flash cards. But to truly understand kanji and vocabulary words, you need to learn them in their natural context. For a kanji, this means understanding how it is used to form meaningful words. For a word, this means understanding how it combines with other words to form meaningful phrases and sentences.

Until now, there has not been a comprehensive kanji self-study course that incorporated reading exercises for each kanji — much less one with exercises graded kanji-by-kanji, carefully chosen to illustrate each kanji’s principal readings, meanings, and range of usage. With these and other innovations, the KLC series has made it possible to learn kanji through the natural process of reading and understanding. It allows you to see how kanji actually work to convey meaning – not at some later date, but while you are learning them. And because you learn through reading, you also continuously review earlier kanji in natural context (as opposed to flash-card reviews).

The power of “extensive reading”

“Extensive reading” – reading large amounts of comprehensible material – is widely regarded as one of the most effective methods of language learning. By reading a large volume of material that you can understand, you will absorb grammar patterns, vocabulary words, and subtleties of usage in the most natural and enjoyable way.

For extensive reading to be educational, it must meet two conditions. First, it must challenge you with new material you have not yet mastered. Second, it must give you adequate support to understand what you are reading.

The KLC Graded Reading Sets add-on fulfills these conditions by design. Because each exercise includes a word containing the kanji you have just studied, it necessarily presents a new challenge. And since no unfamiliar kanji are used, you are always ready to meet that challenge.

Moreover, because the exercises are supported by phonetic guides, English equivalents, contextualized grammar support, and Kanji Study’s powerful bilingual dictionary, you have all the support you need to understand each sentence and acquire new insights into how kanji, words, and grammatical structures are used in authentic Japanese.

Incorporating this add-on into your study routine

Reading is likely to be the most enjoyable and important part of your kanji study regimen, especially once you have learned a few hundred kanji and begin seeing more substantial reading exercises. Read the exercises for each kanji as an integral part of studying that kanji.

When you start the reading set for a kanji, test yourself on its core meaning(s), as encapsulated in its capitalized keywords in the KLC. Actively make the connection in your mind between the kanji’s form and what it means. In particular, focus on what distinguishes that kanji from similar ones, and how you can associate that feature with the kanji’s distinct meaning (the KLC’s mnemonic system is designed to help you do exactly that).

Next, try to pronounce and make sense of each reading exercise, before tapping to reveal its phonetic and English glosses. Do your best to actively puzzle out its reading and meaning.

If a word is unfamiliar to you, by all means look it up in Kanji Study’s bilingual dictionary. But don’t worry about learning every word of every exercise. Instead, focus on familiarizing yourself with the meaning and function of the target kanji within each exercise. If the KLC lists more than one core meaning for the kanji, try to figure out which meaning the kanji conveys in that example. Also try to figure out the meaning the other kanji contribute to any compounds the target kanji appears in. Every appearance of an earlier studied kanji is an opportunity to deepen your knowledge of how it is used to convey meaning.

If you have forgotten any of the other kanji in the exercise, review its info screen on Kanji Study, and consider adding it to a custom set. To find the info screen of any kanji, open the exercise info, scroll down to the Kanji section, and tap on the kanji you want (if you don’t see a Kanji section inside the exercise info, go to “Customize screen” and make sure the Kanji list section is checked). To review that kanji’s entry in the KLC book, find its KLC entry number at the upper right of its info screen, above the word “Sequence” (if you see the word “Unicode”, tap it until you see “Sequence”).

To reinforce your learning, re-read the exercises every ten sets or so. Either use the app again, or use the paperback version to review offline without the distractions of a computer screen. Use Kanji Study for the first pass so that you can easily look up words and kanji (among other conveniences). The paperback version offers advantages for the second pass, when you’ll have less need for lookups.

For a summary of research on why you should learn kanji (and Japanese in general) through graded, comprehensible reading, see this post.

Adapt this add-on to your own needs

We have tried to account for different user preferences by including a large volume of reading exercises and allowing you to decide exactly how many you want to read for each kanji. In the dedicated study mode for the Graded Reading Sets, there is a button at the bottom that allows you to skip the remaining exercises for that kanji when you want to move on (if you don’t see it, open the Customize Screen menu and select “Skip to next kanji”). The progress fraction in the upper left of the screen (after the dash) will tell you how many exercises you have completed for that kanji, and how many are left.

Because the exercises are arranged in increasing order of length, you can use this Skip function to filter out long items. This allows you to focus on intensive practice of the target kanji and its vocab, because the target kanji tends to comprise a smaller proportion of longer items (except when it appears multiple times in the same item). Conversely, NOT skipping will maximize your practice with sentence structure and your review of earlier kanji and vocab. Keep in mind that for many kanji, most of the practice comes not all at once in that kanji’s own set, but spaced out across subsequent sets. The fewer items you skip, the more of this follow-up practice you will get.

How will the KLC Graded Reading Sets add-on help me succeed?

Instant gratification = continuous motivation

The difficulty of understanding written Japanese has been a source of frustration and discouragement for generations of Japanese learners. This frustration contributes to a negative feedback cycle resulting in decreased motivation and decreased learning.

The KLC Graded Reading Sets add-on is designed to reverse this discouraging cycle with the energizing gratification of understanding one sentence after another – including an ever-expanding range of kanji, kanji-based words, and grammar patterns. Each success will enhance your enthusiasm for further study, contributing to a positive feedback cycle of increased learning and motivation.

Optimized practice of recently learned kanji and vocabulary

Various procedures have been used to ensure that the exercises give you maximum practice with recently learned kanji and vocabulary while fully illustrating the meaning and usage of the character you are studying in that set (the “target kanji”).

First, items were selected by sorting a massive database of over 300,000 bilingual text pairs to prioritize items containing recently learned kanji and vocabulary.

Second, additional automated sorting and text conversion was used to replace many pronouns (かれ He, かのじょ She) and katakana names (トム Tom, メアリ Mary) in the source material with Japanese names (宮崎さん Miyazaki-san) and other personal nouns (記者 reporter, 教授 professor, 総理 Prime Minister, etc.) selected to maximize your practice with recently learned kanji. Because the “recently learned kanji” vary as you progress, this procedure automatically ensures exposure to a constantly changing set of personal and proper nouns, helping you master a long list of Japanese names along the way, including both surnames and given names.

Quality and variety

Language learning resources typically use artificial texts to provide reading practice for beginning and low-intermediate learners. While such texts serve a useful purpose, they tend to be dry and unnatural. Moreover, they tend to repeat specific patterns and subject matter, and lack the range of usage of authentic writing.

The KLC Graded Reading Sets add-on does incorporate artificial items as needed for specific purposes (particularly in the first two levels), but it primarily consists of authentic writing drawn from distinguished authors and texts across a diverse range of fields. Drawing on a rich corpus of over 100 original sources, the add-on assembles high-quality writing from literature, science, technology, history, law, ethnology, sociology, popular culture, government, business, public health, art, romance, philosophy, economics, and other fields.

This diversity of source material ensures that you are exposed to a range of vocabulary and usage similar to that which you will encounter in authentic Japanese texts. Indeed the extraordinary diversity of source material used in this add-on is perhaps unique among bilingual graded readers for Japanese.

A range of challenges to suit every learner

To offer maximum value to the user, this add-on incorporates a large volume of reading practice (the 290,000 words of the English translations are roughly equivalent to seventeen copies of Macbeth). While some users may wish to take advantage of all 30,500+ exercises in this add-on, others may find it more practical to read a smaller subset.

To make it easy for you to read as much or as little as you like, exercises are sorted by length, starting with short terms or phrases and building up to full sentences or even chains of sentences. At the intermediate and advanced levels, you will find an increasing number of long, complex sentences and multi-sentence exercises. Kanji sets at all levels begin with short, simple exercises to allow you to fully grasp the target kanji before tackling more complex structures. Use the “Skip to next kanji” button if you want to skip the longer items toward the end of a kanji set.

Naturally, the exercises at the lower levels tend to be shorter and less interesting, since they must be constructed from a narrower range of characters. At these early stages, you may take encouragement from knowing that the reading will grow ever more interesting as you advance through the levels.

Contextualized grammar support

The exercises in this add-on incorporate thousands of glosses introducing grammatical phrases and other fixed expressions. These “grammar glosses” are designed to aid comprehension and help you master a wide range of sentence patterns in the course of your reading.

For example, the exercise below introduces the expression 「〜ことがある」 (“__ has occurred“):

以前に会ったことがある。

I’ve met him before.

〜ことがある」 {〜事がある*} [“__ has occurred“].

In each case, the expression introduced is enclosed in Japanese quotation brackets 「」, followed in curved brackets {} by a kanji version, if one exists. Asterisks in the kanji version indicate that it is used either somewhat less frequently (single asterisk) or much less frequently (double asterisk) than the kana-only version.

Most grammar patterns are noted only the first several times they appear, unless they have a particularly challenging range of variants or applications. For this reason, the grammar glosses appear less frequently as you progress. With a few exceptions, no glosses are provided for individual words, which can generally be looked up using Kanji Study’s bilingual dictionary.

Differences between lower and higher levels

Unsurprisingly, the exercises tend to get longer and more advanced at the higher levels. Because they encompass more complex content, higher-level exercises are also more interesting to read. Starting in Level 4, the average number of exercises also increases, while the proportion of artificial sentences decreases, giving way to authentic material.

The increasing volume of reading practice from level to level is well adapted to your needs as a learner. Early on, you should spend relatively little time trying to read, and focus instead on learning more kanji. After all, you will get plenty of practice with the basic kanji later on, and there are many important kanji still awaiting your attention. At this stage, you should just get a quick handle on each kanji and move on to the next one.

As you advance, your needs change. Reading practice becomes more important, as you have ever more kanji to hang onto, and ever fewer left to learn (not to mention that the remaining kanji are increasingly less important). This add-on adapts to your changing needs by gradually increasing the volume of reading practice as you make your way through the KLC sequence.

Combination of short and long exercises

Sets at all levels begin with short, simple exercises to allow you to practice the target kanji before tackling more complex structures. These short exercises (often just compound words or short phrases) give you repeated practice with the target kanji, before giving way to longer items in which the target kanji is mixed in with many others.

The short and long exercises thus serve complementary purposes: short exercises give you relatively intensive practice with the target kanji, while long exercises give you more practice with sentence structure and review of kanji already studied.

While the longer exercises tend to be more interesting, we have done our best to include many short items that manage to say something interesting in just a few words or characters.

Selection and editing of exercises

The following principles were used in selecting and writing exercises for each set (in rough order of priority):

  1. To illustrate the most important vocabulary and usages of the target kanji;
  2. To illustrate a wide range of usages of the target kanji;
  3. To illustrate usages of previously learned kanji;
  4. To combine short and simple examples (focused on illustrating the target kanji) with longer and more substantial examples;
  5. To use examples that are authentic and engaging, while still providing some plain-vanilla examples for the sake of representing typical patterns;
  6. To represent a range of source material (literature, natural sciences, social sciences, everyday speech, etc.).

Great effort has gone into selecting and editing the exercises to be easy to understand without context.

Helpful things to know when using this add-on

Word division

This add-on provides optional word division as an additional aid to your learning. Use the word division toggle to turn it off (if you don’t see it, go to “Customize screen” and check “Toggle word division”).

Personal names

Many pronouns and katakana names have been replaced with Japanese names (and other nouns) to provide additional kanji practice, particularly with recently introduced kanji. To distinguish surnames from given names, note that Japanese surnames will generally have a “-san”, “-sensei”, “Dr.”, etc. in the English equivalent, while given names will not:

本田さんは舌がよく回る。
Honda-san is very talkative.
(Translation includes “san”: Honda is a surname)

さんは舌がよく回る。
Akira is very talkative.
(Translation excludes “san”: Akira is a given name)

In the Japanese text, the suffix さん (or an alternative such as くん or any one of various titles like 先生, 社長, etc.) is always included with Japanese names, to help you avoid mistaking names for common nouns.

This rule is not followed for foreign names, which are readily distinguished by virtue of being written in katakana.
These conventions in the presentation of personal names are intended to aid the learning process, and are internal to the KLC Graded Reading Sets.

Long vowels in Japanese

In the English equivalents, Japanese words (usually names) are written in Hepburn romaji without macrons, which are omitted to avoid display issues across different devices and operating systems. Hence the English versions do not discriminate between, for example, the long “o” of Jiro and the short “o” of Hiroyuki. Similarly, Japan’s capital is transliterated as “Tokyo”, without macrons. The correct pronunciation of all Japanese words will be apparent from the Japanese phonetic guides.

Dictionary links

In the KLC Graded Reading Sets study mode on Kanji Study, tapping on an exercise will reveal underlining that marks words that are linked to the bilingual dictionary. Tap on any underlined word to see its definition. Note the following:

  • Scope of linking: With limited exceptions, dictionary links are included for all words containing kanji. For commonly used words containing no kanji, we have provided links up to the point where it seemed like overkill to link them any further. For this reason, the number of unlinked words increases as you go along.
  • Spelling variations

In the dictionary entries, you will often see kanji-based spellings for words that the exercise spells in kana. Ignore any kanji you haven’t learned yet, since it will be more efficient for you to learn them in KLC sequence (this will ensure you have the prerequisite knowledge for each kanji). Above all, disregard the kanji of any dictionary headwords that are followed by the phrase “(usually kana only)”, for many of these kanji spellings are almost never used in contemporary Japanese.

You will also see many entries that combine different kun-yomi homophones in the same entry, each one using a different kanji and having its own distinct range of meanings (e.g., 上げる, 挙げる, and 揚げる for the kun-yomi 「あげる」). The  first homophone listed may use a different kanji than the one used in the exercise. In these cases, look in the numbered senses for kanji usage notes clarifying which meanings correspond to which kanji. A good resource for mastering these kun-yomi homophones is the Kodansha Kanji Usage Guide by Jack Halpern.

  • Verbs and adjectives link to their “dictionary form”: Conjugations of verbs (e.g., 見た) and adjectives (e.g., 安かった) link in most instances to the unconjugated forms used in dictionary definitions (見る・安い).
  • Non-linking of numbers: Except at the beginning, we have generally refrained from providing dictionary links for dates, monetary amounts, and other numbers, which are self-explanatory.
  • Non-linking of some kanji affixes: Sometimes you will find words with a one-kanji prefix or suffix that is not linked to a dictionary definition. This occurs when the dictionary has no entry corresponding to the use of that kanji as a prefix/suffix. If you are unclear about the meaning of such an affix, just look up the relevant kanji using the info screen’s kanji list.
  • Other missing links: Other than for number-based words, if you don’t see a don’t see a dictionary link for a word containing one or more kanji,  it is most likely because the bilingual dictionary has no entry for that word.  In such chases, just copy the text into an online dictionary like Weblio, or an online translator like Google Translate or Bing Translate.

Use of optional kanji

As explained below, this add-on sometimes uses kanji where it would be more common to use Arabic numerals or hiragana. 

Kanji vs. numerals

In horizontal writing in contemporary Japanese, numbers are usually written with Arabic numerals:

1929年10月29日 
29 October 1929

JIS X 0213: 1面40区32点
JIS X 0213: Plane 1, Subdivision 40, Point 32

…though large numbers are usually shortened by the use of a kanji like 万 or 億, similar to the way we would use English words to refer to numbers of one million or more:

800万人 
8 million people

40億円 
4 billion yen

Despite the prevalence of Arabic numerals, it is still necessary for learners to become proficient in reading numbers in kanji. For this reason, this add-on (particularly the first part of Level 1) includes exercises in which numbers typically written in numerals are expressed in kanji:

三田の人口は九千五百五十人です。
The population of Mita is nine thousand five hundred fifty.

千代さんは宝くじで三千万円も手に入れた。
Chiyo won thirty million yen in the lottery.

When you encounter items like these, keep in mind that one would more likely write them like this:

三田の人口は9550人です。
The population of Mita is 9,550.

千代さんは宝くじで3000万円も手に入れた。
Chiyo won 30 million yen in the lottery.

Kanji vs. hiragana
In these reading sets you will find the same words sometimes written with kanji and sometimes without:

分かり易い。
分かりやすい。
わかりやすい。
Easy to understand.

子供達。
子供たち。
子どもたち。
Children.

This reflects real-life usage and helps you learn to read different forms interchangeably. This remains an essential skill, as the use of optional kanji seems to have increased in recent years, likely due to the convenience of keyboard- and voice-based text input. Moreover, writers sometimes opt for kanji to clarify word division in a long string of hiragana, or for stylistic reasons, such as to express polite formality, to present a learned image, or simply to vary things up a bit!

Compared to real-life usage, this add-on is moderately biased in favor of using optional kanji once you have learned them. After all, the main purpose of this add-on is to help you master kanji and kanji-based vocabulary. This bias is especially pronounced for recently introduced kanji, which require frequent reinforcement. This pro-kanji bias is partly offset by the fact that only hiragana spellings are used until the kanji in question have been introduced. Just keep in mind that the add-on is biased 100% against using optional kanji before they have been introduced, and moderately in favor of using them thereafter.

Regardless of the usages you find in this add-on, a good rule to remember for your own writing is to be sparing in the use of optional kanji when not necessary for eliminating ambiguity, punctuating a long string of hiragana, or otherwise improving clarity. In the example below, the first version uses every possible kanji, the last version uses a minimal number of kanji, and the middle version strikes a judicious balance:

子供達は最も酷く苦しんだ。
子供たちは最もひどく苦しんだ。
子どもたちはもっともひどく苦しんだ。
The children suffered worst of all.

Understood subjects

One way in which Japanese differs sharply from English is that speakers often omit the subject when it can be understood from context:

全力で力んだ。
I tried with all my might.

Many translations in this add-on reflect this distinction, so you should not always expect to find a subject in the Japanese sentence to correspond to the one in the English equivalent.

Skim key sources for background

The vast majority of exercises in this add-on are easy to understand despite having no context. Great effort has gone into selecting items that met this criterion – or to edit them until they did.

Still, there are a few sources that contain unfamiliar references, or are otherwise context-dependent. In particular, it is worthwhile for you to skim the following two free sources, particularly if you have any interest in the subject matter:

Why do some kanji have fewer exercises?

You will find that some kanji sets in this add-on have few exercises, while others have many. This is consistent with the purpose and organization of this add-on.

For one thing, some kanji only appear in a few words, or even one word, such that there are both fewer examples using these kanji and less need of practicing them.

Also, some kanji will have only a few exercises in their own set due to their location in the KLC sequence, but will appear with great frequency later on, once you have learned an important vocabulary word containing the kanji.

What about learning to write kanji?

Even today when most learners are focused on learning to read kanji rather than to write them, handwriting practice remains essential. Integrating hand-eye coordination with the kinesthetic experience of each kanji’s stroke sequence, handwriting improves your ability to recognize each kanji, grasp intuitively how it is put together, and distinguish it from lookalikes. To practice writing in Kanji Study, double-tap the head character on any kanji’s info screen. The KLC book provides instruction on stroke direction and stroke order, as well as numbered stroke-order diagrams for every kanji. The accompanying KLC Green Book provides hatched writing spaces and tracing characters for all 2,300 KLC kanji.

What about learning to input kanji on a keyboard?

Thanks to standard alphabet-to-Japanese conversion software, this is primarily a matter of

  1. learning how to input kana (phonetic Japanese syllables) on a keyboard,
  2. knowing the kana readings of kanji (usually in the context of words), and
  3. being able to recognize your kanji/word when you see it.

For efficient training on (1), allow us to humbly suggest our very own PlusOne Japanese Kana. For (2) and (3) try the Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Course along with the KLC Graded Reading Sets on Kanji Study.

Supplementary tools

Kanji

To see all 2,300 KLC kanji in one place and reinforce your kanji learning through casual browsing, we offer the Kanji Learner’s Course Wall Chart.

For a convenient way to structure handwriting practice into a KLC-based study routine, we offer the KLC Green Book.

Kana

To learn how to read, write, and type kana, try PlusOne Japanese Kana.

For a quick but thorough introduction to Japanese phonetic writing, download the free PlusOne Japanese Kana Learner’s Guide.

For a comprehensive overview of Japanese sound structure from the standpoint of both native kana and Roman letters (important for their use in typing), we offer The Ultimate Kana Wall Chart: A Visual Guide to Japanese Phonetic Writing.

Forthcoming: The PlusOne Japanese suite

PlusOne Japanese is a forthcoming suite of tools offering an all-in-one, digitally based solution for learning Japanese. Learn more.

About the KLC series author

Andrew Scott Conning is the founder of PlusOne Learning and co-creator of the forthcoming PlusOne Japanese suite. He has previously been active as a research scholar at Harvard University, Peking University, the University of Tokyo, the Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, and the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs.

Andrew created the Kanji Learner’s Course series because it was the kind of tool he wished had existed when he was studying kanji himself. He sincerely hopes that it will help you on your way toward a more direct and profound understanding of Japan and its people.

Connect with Andrew and the growing community of Kanji Learner’s Course users:

Join the KLC user group on Facebook

Subscribe to the KLC blog

Follow Andrew on Goodreads

Follow Andrew’s latest project, PlusOne Japanese